{"document_id":"BLC-STUDY-0030","slug":"arbitrum","title":"Arbitrum: Scalable, private smart contracts","authors":"Harry Kalodner, Steven Goldfeder, Xiaoqi Chen, S. Matthew Weinberg, Edward W. Felten","year":2018,"date_label":"2018","publisher":"Harry Kalodner, Steven Goldfeder, Xiaoqi Chen, S. Matthew Weinberg, Edward W. Felten","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Scaling","topics":["Scaling"],"source_url":"https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/usenixsecurity18/sec18-kalodner.pdf","source_label":"USENIX Security 2018","legacy_pdf_path":null,"sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Source cited by the 2018 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Official external source only","source_status":"Official source","use_status":"Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"The 2018 USENIX paper on Arbitrum: a verifier that checks a manager's execution of a virtual machine by bisecting disputes, instead of re-executing every instruction. Offchain Labs' later Nitro stack is a descendant, not this paper line for line.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/arbitrum","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/arbitrum","study_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/arbitrum","last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Canonical reading","label":"Arbitrum study","href":"/whitepaper/arbitrum"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Plasma","href":"/whitepaper/plasma"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"StarkWare","href":"/whitepaper/starks"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Celestia","href":"/whitepaper/lazyledger"}]}