{"document_id":"BLC-STUDY-0061","slug":"bitcoin-ng","title":"Bitcoin-NG: A Scalable Blockchain Protocol","authors":"Ittay Eyal, Adem Ercan Gencer, Emin Gün Sirer and Robbert van Renesse","year":2016,"date_label":"2016","publisher":"Ittay Eyal, Adem Ercan Gencer, Emin Gün Sirer and Robbert van Renesse","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Consensus","topics":["Consensus"],"source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/1510.02037","source_label":"arXiv:1510.02037","legacy_pdf_path":null,"sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Source cited by the 2016 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Official external source only","source_status":"Official source","use_status":"Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"Separate the rare proof-of-work election from the frequent publication of transactions. Key blocks choose a leader. That leader's microblocks carry the transactions until the next key block.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/bitcoin-ng","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/bitcoin-ng","study_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/bitcoin-ng","last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Canonical reading","label":"Bitcoin-NG study","href":"/whitepaper/bitcoin-ng"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"GHOST","href":"/whitepaper/ghost"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Solana","href":"/whitepaper/solana"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Tendermint","href":"/whitepaper/tendermint"}]}