{"document_id":"BLC-STUDY-0090","slug":"gasper","title":"Combining GHOST and Casper","authors":"Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang","year":2020,"date_label":"2020","publisher":"Vitalik Buterin, Diego Hernandez, Thor Kamphefner, Khiem Pham, Zhi Qiao, Danny Ryan, Juhyeok Sin, Ying Wang and Yan X. Zhang","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Consensus","topics":["Consensus"],"source_url":"https://arxiv.org/abs/2003.03052","source_label":"arXiv:2003.03052","legacy_pdf_path":null,"sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Source cited by the 2020 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Official external source only","source_status":"Official source","use_status":"Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"An idealised proof-of-stake protocol that pairs a GHOST-style fork choice with Casper FFG finality. The paper is the design argument for Ethereum's beacon chain, not a status report on a later client or a later outage.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/gasper","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/gasper","study_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/gasper","last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Canonical reading","label":"Gasper study","href":"/whitepaper/gasper"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Casper FFG","href":"/whitepaper/casper-ffg"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"GHOST","href":"/whitepaper/ghost"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Cardano","href":"/whitepaper/ouroboros"}]}