{"document_id":"BLC-STUDY-0101","slug":"nova","title":"Nova: Recursive Zero-Knowledge Arguments from Folding Schemes","authors":"Abhiram Kothapalli, Srinath Setty and Ioanna Tzialla","year":2021,"date_label":"2021","publisher":"Abhiram Kothapalli, Srinath Setty and Ioanna Tzialla","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Privacy","topics":["Privacy"],"source_url":"https://eprint.iacr.org/2021/370","source_label":"ePrint 2021/370","legacy_pdf_path":null,"sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Source cited by the 2021 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Official external source only","source_status":"Official source","use_status":"Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"Incrementally verifiable computation without putting a SNARK inside a SNARK. A folding scheme compresses two instances of a computation into one instance of the same size. Repeating that fold is the recursion. The paper is about prover cost, not about a chain.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/nova","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/nova","study_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/nova","last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Canonical reading","label":"Nova study","href":"/whitepaper/nova"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Halo","href":"/whitepaper/halo"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"PLONK","href":"/whitepaper/plonk"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Cairo","href":"/whitepaper/cairo"}]}