{"document_id":"BLC-STUDY-0049","slug":"ocean","title":"Ocean Protocol: A Decentralized Substrate for AI Data and Services","authors":"Trent McConaghy and the Ocean Protocol team","year":2019,"date_label":"2019","publisher":"Trent McConaghy and the Ocean Protocol team","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Data and agents","topics":["Data and agents"],"source_url":"https://oceanprotocol.com/tech-whitepaper.pdf","source_label":"Ocean technical white paper","legacy_pdf_path":null,"sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Source cited by the 2019 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Official external source only","source_status":"Official source","use_status":"Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"Ocean's technical paper for publishing, pricing and consuming data services with on-chain access control and off-chain storage. The data does not sit inside the chain. The permission and the payment do.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/ocean","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/ocean","study_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/ocean","last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Canonical reading","label":"Ocean study","href":"/whitepaper/ocean"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"The Graph","href":"/whitepaper/the-graph"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Bittensor","href":"/whitepaper/bittensor"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"SingularityNET","href":"/whitepaper/singularitynet"}]}