{"document_id":"BLC-STUDY-0152","slug":"selfish-mining","title":"Majority Is Not Enough: Bitcoin Mining Is Vulnerable","authors":"Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer","year":2014,"date_label":"2014","publisher":"Ittay Eyal and Emin Gün Sirer","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Consensus","topics":["Consensus"],"source_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1311.0243","source_label":"arXiv:1311.0243","legacy_pdf_path":null,"sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Source cited by the 2014 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Official external source only","source_status":"Official source","use_status":"Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"A miner who withholds blocks and releases them to waste honest work can earn more than their share, even below 50 percent, under the paper's propagation assumptions.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/selfish-mining","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/selfish-mining","study_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/selfish-mining","last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Canonical reading","label":"Selfish Mining study","href":"/whitepaper/selfish-mining"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Bitcoin Backbone","href":"/whitepaper/bitcoin-backbone"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Bitcoin-NG","href":"/whitepaper/bitcoin-ng"}]}