{"document_id":"BLC-STUDY-0039","slug":"zero-x","title":"0x: An open protocol for decentralized exchange on the Ethereum blockchain","authors":"Will Warren and Amir Bandeali","year":2017,"date_label":"2017","publisher":"Will Warren and Amir Bandeali","paper_type":"Design paper","category":"Markets","topics":["Markets"],"source_url":"https://github.com/0xProject/whitepaper/blob/master/0x_white_paper.pdf","source_label":"0x white paper","legacy_pdf_path":null,"sha256":null,"sha256_note":"No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.","version":"Source cited by the 2017 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.","doi":null,"rights_status":"Official external source only","source_status":"Official source","use_status":"Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.","licence":null,"licence_label":"No licence recorded. Rights status under review.","full_text":null,"full_text_reason":"Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.","editorial_line":"The 2017 0x paper: off-chain signed orders, on-chain settlement, and relayers who host order books without taking custody. It is the reference design for 'the book is off-chain, the swap is on-chain'.","canonical_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/zero-x","record_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/zero-x","study_url":"https://blockchainlab.com/whitepaper/zero-x","last_reviewed":"2026-10-01","last_checked":"2026-10-01","relationships":[{"rel":"Canonical reading","label":"0x study","href":"/whitepaper/zero-x"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Bancor","href":"/whitepaper/bancor"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Uniswap","href":"/whitepaper/uniswap-v2"},{"rel":"Related paper","label":"Augur","href":"/whitepaper/augur"}]}