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Confidential Assets

Confidential assets put an asset tag beside a Pedersen commitment so a transaction can balance in several assets without publishing which output is which asset or how much.

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Record

Authors
Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille
Date
2018
Publisher
Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille
Version
Source cited by the 2018 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.
Document ID
BLC-STUDY-0166
DOI
None recorded
Last reviewed
1 October 2026
Licence
No licence recorded. Rights status under review.

No hash is published. This build does not store those PDF bytes, so a checksum would be invented. Where a legacy path exists, it points at the Internet Archive copy of the old library.

Direct answer

Confidential assets put an asset tag beside a Pedersen commitment so a transaction can balance in several assets without publishing which output is which asset or how much.

Where to read

Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.

Full text

Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.

What changed

A reading of the public document. Not a copy of it, and not a claim about a later network that reused the name.

Relationships

Cite this record

These citations point at the source document. They are not a licence to copy it.

Author–date

Poelstra, A., Back, A., Friedenbach, M., Maxwell, G., & Wuille, P. (2018). Confidential Assets. Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille. https://blockstream.com/bitcoin17-final41.pdf

BibTeX

@techreport{bulletproofsrange2018,
  title = {Confidential Assets},
  author = {Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille},
  year = {2018},
  institution = {Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille},
  url = {https://blockstream.com/bitcoin17-final41.pdf},
  note = {Rights status: Official external source only. Blockchain Lab record: https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/bulletproofs-range}
}

RIS

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Confidential Assets
AU  - Andrew Poelstra
AU  - Adam Back
AU  - Mark Friedenbach
AU  - Gregory Maxwell
AU  - Pieter Wuille
PY  - 2018
PB  - Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille
UR  - https://blockstream.com/bitcoin17-final41.pdf
N1  - Rights status: Official external source only
ER  -

CSL-JSON

[
  {
    "type": "report",
    "id": "BLC-STUDY-0166",
    "title": "Confidential Assets",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Andrew Poelstra"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Adam Back"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Mark Friedenbach"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Gregory Maxwell"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Pieter Wuille"
      }
    ],
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2018
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "Andrew Poelstra, Adam Back, Mark Friedenbach, Gregory Maxwell and Pieter Wuille",
    "URL": "https://blockstream.com/bitcoin17-final41.pdf",
    "note": "Rights status: Official external source only. Not a licence to republish the paper."
  }
]

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Rights record

Source status
Official source
Use status
Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.
Rights
Official external source only
Training and retrieval
Not permitted from this site. There is no rights-cleared full text to retrieve or to train on.

Rights and licensingCorrections

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