Research corpus ScalingBLC-STUDY-0328

Gas cost increases for state access opcodes

EIP 2929, Gas cost increases for state access opcodes. Increases gas cost for SLOAD, CALL, BALANCE, EXT and SELFDESTRUCT when used for the first time in a transaction.

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Record

Authors: Vitalik Buterin , Martin Swende
Date: 2020
Publisher: Vitalik Buterin , Martin Swende
Version: Source cited by the 2020 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.
Document ID: BLC-STUDY-0328
DOI: None recorded
Last reviewed: 1 October 2026
Licence: No licence recorded. Rights status under review.

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Direct answer

EIP 2929, Gas cost increases for state access opcodes. Increases gas cost for SLOAD, CALL, BALANCE, EXT and SELFDESTRUCT when used for the first time in a transaction.

Where to read

Official source — EIP 2929
Blockchain Lab study, the canonical readingOriginal commentary. Not a transcription of the paper.

Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.

Full text

Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.

What changed

Status in the source: Final. A reading of the public specification, not a copy of it and not a certification.

Relationships

Canonical readingEIP 2929 study
Related paperEIP-4844
Related paperPlasma
Related paperArbitrum

Cite this record

These citations point at the source document. They are not a licence to copy it.

Author–date

Buterin, V., & Swende, M. (2020). Gas cost increases for state access opcodes. Vitalik Buterin , Martin Swende. https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2929

BibTeX

@techreport{eip29292020,
  title = {Gas cost increases for state access opcodes},
  author = {Vitalik Buterin , Martin Swende},
  year = {2020},
  institution = {Vitalik Buterin , Martin Swende},
  url = {https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2929},
  note = {Rights status: Official external source only. Blockchain Lab record: https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/eip-2929}
}

RIS

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Gas cost increases for state access opcodes
AU  - Vitalik Buterin
AU  - Martin Swende
PY  - 2020
PB  - Vitalik Buterin , Martin Swende
UR  - https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2929
N1  - Rights status: Official external source only
ER  -

CSL-JSON

[
  {
    "type": "report",
    "id": "BLC-STUDY-0328",
    "title": "Gas cost increases for state access opcodes",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Vitalik Buterin"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Martin Swende"
      }
    ],
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2020
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "Vitalik Buterin , Martin Swende",
    "URL": "https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2929",
    "note": "Rights status: Official external source only. Not a licence to republish the paper."
  }
]

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Rights record

Source status: Official source
Use status: Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.
Rights: Official external source only
Training and retrieval: Not permitted from this site. There is no rights-cleared full text to retrieve or to train on.

Rights and licensing Corrections