Research corpus PrivacyBLC-STUDY-0169

Sonic: Zero-Knowledge SNARKs from Linear-Size Universal and Updatable Structured Reference Strings

Sonic uses a structured reference string that is universal: one setup can serve many circuits, and it can be updated so the toxic waste is harder to keep.

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Record

Authors: Mary Maller, Sean Bowe, Markulf Kohlweiss and Sarah Meiklejohn
Date: 2019
Publisher: Mary Maller, Sean Bowe, Markulf Kohlweiss and Sarah Meiklejohn
Version: Source cited by the 2019 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.
Document ID: BLC-STUDY-0169
DOI: None recorded
Last reviewed: 1 October 2026
Licence: No licence recorded. Rights status under review.

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Direct answer

Sonic uses a structured reference string that is universal: one setup can serve many circuits, and it can be updated so the toxic waste is harder to keep.

Where to read

Official source — ePrint 2019/099
Blockchain Lab study, the canonical readingOriginal commentary. Not a transcription of the paper.

Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.

Full text

Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.

What changed

A reading of the public document. Not a copy of it, and not a claim about a later network that reused the name.

Relationships

Canonical readingSonic study
Related paperPLONK
Related paperGroth16

Cite this record

These citations point at the source document. They are not a licence to copy it.

Author–date

Maller, M., Bowe, S., Kohlweiss, M., & Meiklejohn, S. (2019). Sonic: Zero-Knowledge SNARKs from Linear-Size Universal and Updatable Structured Reference Strings. Mary Maller, Sean Bowe, Markulf Kohlweiss and Sarah Meiklejohn. https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/099

BibTeX

@techreport{plonkuniversal2019,
  title = {Sonic: Zero-Knowledge SNARKs from Linear-Size Universal and Updatable Structured Reference Strings},
  author = {Mary Maller, Sean Bowe, Markulf Kohlweiss and Sarah Meiklejohn},
  year = {2019},
  institution = {Mary Maller, Sean Bowe, Markulf Kohlweiss and Sarah Meiklejohn},
  url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/099},
  note = {Rights status: Official external source only. Blockchain Lab record: https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/plonk-universal}
}

RIS

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Sonic: Zero-Knowledge SNARKs from Linear-Size Universal and Updatable Structured Reference Strings
AU  - Mary Maller
AU  - Sean Bowe
AU  - Markulf Kohlweiss
AU  - Sarah Meiklejohn
PY  - 2019
PB  - Mary Maller, Sean Bowe, Markulf Kohlweiss and Sarah Meiklejohn
UR  - https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/099
N1  - Rights status: Official external source only
ER  -

CSL-JSON

[
  {
    "type": "report",
    "id": "BLC-STUDY-0169",
    "title": "Sonic: Zero-Knowledge SNARKs from Linear-Size Universal and Updatable Structured Reference Strings",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Mary Maller"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Sean Bowe"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Markulf Kohlweiss"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Sarah Meiklejohn"
      }
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    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2019
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "Mary Maller, Sean Bowe, Markulf Kohlweiss and Sarah Meiklejohn",
    "URL": "https://eprint.iacr.org/2019/099",
    "note": "Rights status: Official external source only. Not a licence to republish the paper."
  }
]

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Rights record

Source status: Official source
Use status: Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.
Rights: Official external source only
Training and retrieval: Not permitted from this site. There is no rights-cleared full text to retrieve or to train on.

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