Research corpus ScalingBLC-STUDY-0190

Verkle Trees

Verkle trees use vector commitments so a proof of many leaves shares one commitment path. The proof is shorter, at the cost of a polynomial-commitment assumption.

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Record

Authors: John Kuszmaul
Date: 2018
Publisher: John Kuszmaul
Version: Source cited by the 2018 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.
Document ID: BLC-STUDY-0190
DOI: None recorded
Last reviewed: 1 October 2026
Licence: No licence recorded. Rights status under review.

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Direct answer

Verkle trees use vector commitments so a proof of many leaves shares one commitment path. The proof is shorter, at the cost of a polynomial-commitment assumption.

Where to read

Official source — Kuszmaul
Blockchain Lab study, the canonical readingOriginal commentary. Not a transcription of the paper.

Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.

Full text

Full text is not published on this page. Public availability is not a licence to republish a document. Blockchain Lab has not recorded a licence that permits an HTML transcription, a training set, or a retrieval corpus of the paper. Text on this page is Blockchain Lab's own wording, or a pointer to a study that is also Blockchain Lab's wording.

What changed

A reading of the public document. Not a copy of it, and not a claim about a later network that reused the name.

Relationships

Canonical readingVerkle trees study
Related paperEIP-4844
Related paperPlasma
Related paperArbitrum

Cite this record

These citations point at the source document. They are not a licence to copy it.

Author–date

Kuszmaul, J. (2018). Verkle Trees. John Kuszmaul. https://math.mit.edu/research/highschool/primes/materials/2018/Kuszmaul.pdf

BibTeX

@techreport{verkle2018,
  title = {Verkle Trees},
  author = {John Kuszmaul},
  year = {2018},
  institution = {John Kuszmaul},
  url = {https://math.mit.edu/research/highschool/primes/materials/2018/Kuszmaul.pdf},
  note = {Rights status: Official external source only. Blockchain Lab record: https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/verkle}
}

RIS

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Verkle Trees
AU  - John Kuszmaul
PY  - 2018
PB  - John Kuszmaul
UR  - https://math.mit.edu/research/highschool/primes/materials/2018/Kuszmaul.pdf
N1  - Rights status: Official external source only
ER  -

CSL-JSON

[
  {
    "type": "report",
    "id": "BLC-STUDY-0190",
    "title": "Verkle Trees",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "John Kuszmaul"
      }
    ],
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2018
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "John Kuszmaul",
    "URL": "https://math.mit.edu/research/highschool/primes/materials/2018/Kuszmaul.pdf",
    "note": "Rights status: Official external source only. Not a licence to republish the paper."
  }
]

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Rights record

Source status: Official source
Use status: Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.
Rights: Official external source only
Training and retrieval: Not permitted from this site. There is no rights-cleared full text to retrieve or to train on.

Rights and licensing Corrections