Protocol papers
Scaling papers.
Watch the data, the challenge window, or the proof. A header without the body is a different security claim.
How to read this shelf
Each card opens a study. The study is a reading of a public paper, not the paper and not a description of today's network. Status is a design paper unless the record says historical or failure case.
How to read this page
Research status is named on the page. Primary sources are linked. This is a mechanism and operating note, not investment suitability, legal advice, a security guarantee or an implementation certificate.
Lightning · 2016 · Design paper
The Bitcoin Lightning Network: Scalable Off-Chain Instant Payments
Poon and Dryja's 2016 design for Bitcoin payments that stay off the main chain inside penalty-backed channels, and that route across a network of those channels using hashed timelock contracts.
Plasma · 2017 · Design paper
Plasma: Scalable Autonomous Smart Contracts
A 2017 construction for trees of child chains whose state commitments are posted to a parent chain, with exits so a user can leave if the child operator misbehaves. It is an ancestor of later rollup and validium designs, not a synonym for them.
Arbitrum · 2018 · Design paper
Arbitrum: Scalable, private smart contracts
The 2018 USENIX paper on Arbitrum: a verifier that checks a manager's execution of a virtual machine by bisecting disputes, instead of re-executing every instruction. Offchain Labs' later Nitro stack is a descendant, not this paper line for line.
StarkWare · 2018 · Design paper
Scalable, transparent, and post-quantum secure computational integrity
The STARK paper: proofs of computational integrity that are succinct, do not need a trusted setup, and are argued to resist quantum attackers on the underlying hashes. StarkWare's later systems, including StarkEx and Starknet, are built on this proof system. They are not identical to it.
Celestia · 2019 · Design paper
LazyLedger: A Distributed Data Availability Ledger With Client-Side Smart Contracts
Al-Bassam's LazyLedger paper, the research origin of Celestia. The base layer orders and makes data available. It does not execute application transitions. Clients check availability with sampling, and applications execute on their own.
EigenLayer · 2023 · Design paper
EigenLayer: The Restaking Collective
Eigen Labs' design for letting Ethereum stakers opt in to additional slashing conditions, so new services can rent economic security instead of bootstrapping a new token set from zero.
Polygon · 2019 · Design paper
Matic Network white paper
The 2019 Matic paper for a Plasma-inspired sidechain with a proof-of-stake checkpoint layer posting to Ethereum. Polygon is the later organisation and product family. This page is about the 2019 document, not about every subsequent Polygon stack.
Fraud and data availability proofs · 2018 · Design paper
Fraud and Data Availability Proofs
Light clients can refuse a block if a fraud proof shows it is invalid, but only if the block's data was actually published. The paper shows how erasure coding and sampling let clients check publication without downloading everything.
TrueBit · 2017 · Design paper
A scalable verification solution for blockchains
Pay a solver to run a heavy computation off-chain, and pay a verifier only when they find a lie. An interactive game narrows the lie to one step. A jackpot is there so verifiers show up even when solvers are usually honest.
KZG commitments · 2010 · Design paper
Constant-Size Commitments to Polynomials and Their Applications
Commit to a polynomial and later open it at a point, in constant size, with a pairing. The commitment is binding if the setup's trapdoor stays secret. Modern data-availability schemes use this as a brick. The paper is older than those schemes.
EIP-4844 · 2022 · Design paper
Shard Blob Transactions
A new transaction type carries a blob: a large chunk of data that consensus nodes hold briefly and that the execution layer cannot read byte by byte. Rollups are the intended user. The blob is not cheap forever, and it is not the rollup's proof.
BitVM · 2023 · Design paper
BitVM: Compute Anything on Bitcoin
A way to dispute an arbitrary computation between two Bitcoin parties using hashlocks, timelocks and large Taproot trees, without a new opcode. Honest execution stays off-chain. A false claim can be challenged on-chain. It is not a global virtual machine.
Cairo · 2021 · Design paper
Cairo – a Turing-complete STARK-friendly CPU architecture
A CPU whose every instruction was chosen so that a STARK can prove 'this program ran'. You write a program instead of a new set of polynomial equations for each statement. The paper is the machine, not a network's throughput.
Perun · 2017 · Design paper
Perun: Virtual Payment Hubs over Cryptocurrencies
Lightning routes each payment through the intermediaries. Perun asks those intermediaries to set up a virtual channel and then step out of the individual payments. The paper gives the construction for one hub, on a chain that can run the contracts.
OmniLedger · 2018 · Design paper
OmniLedger: A Secure, Scale-Out, Decentralized Ledger via Sharding
OmniLedger reassigns validators to shards, uses a bias-resistant randomness beacon, and atomically commits cross-shard transactions.
RapidChain · 2018 · Design paper
RapidChain: Scaling Blockchain via Full Sharding
RapidChain shards the ledger completely and uses a committee protocol that tolerates a smaller honest fraction inside a committee than a classical open network.
SuperNova · 2022 · Design paper
SuperNova: Proving Universal Machine Executions without Universal Circuits
SuperNova folds a universal machine by switching among circuits without a universal circuit that contains every instruction.
HyperNova · 2023 · Design paper
HyperNova: Recursive Arguments for Customizable Constraint Systems
HyperNova generalises folding to customisable constraint systems so a recursive proof can follow the arithmetisation the circuit actually uses.
Vault · 2019 · Design paper
Vault: Fast Bootstrapping for the Algorand Cryptocurrency
Vault compresses Algorand's state and the proofs a client needs so a bootstrapping node does not replay the entire history.
OHIE · 2020 · Design paper
OHIE: Blockchain Scaling Made Simple
Run many parallel Nakamoto chains. A block is assigned to a chain by its hash. The safety argument stays close to bitcoin's, and the throughput is the sum.
Chainspace · 2017 · Design paper
Chainspace: A Sharded Smart Contracts Platform
Chainspace shards objects, and a transaction names the objects it will read and write so the shards involved can run a distributed commit.
Optimism Cannon · 2023 · Design paper
The Fault Proof System
A dispute walks a single instruction of a state transition on a parent chain, so anyone who can post a bond can force the on-chain step that decides a bad proposal.
Sovereign rollups · 2022 · Design paper
Rollups as Sovereign Chains
Publish transaction data to a data-availability layer. Let the rollup's own nodes interpret it. Fraud or validity proofs are checked by those nodes, not by an Ethereum bridge, unless someone adds one.
Validium · 2020 · Design paper
Validium and the Data-Availability Spectrum
Validium proves execution and keeps the data off the parent chain, with a committee or another store. Volition lets a user choose, per state, whether the data sits on the parent.
Based rollups · 2023 · Design paper
Based Rollups
A based rollup lets the parent's proposers order the rollup's transactions. There is no separate sequencer to bribe or to wait for.
Espresso · 2022 · Design paper
The Espresso Sequencer
A shared sequencer orders transactions for many rollups. Each rollup still executes its own state. The sequencer sells order, not execution.
Verkle trees · 2018 · Design paper
Verkle Trees
Verkle trees use vector commitments so a proof of many leaves shares one commitment path. The proof is shorter, at the cost of a polynomial-commitment assumption.
BIP 141 · 2015 · Design paper
Segregated Witness
Move witness data outside the input script. The transaction id that contracts depend on no longer covers the witness. A new weight limit counts witness bytes less than base bytes.
BIP 35 · 2012 · Design paper
mempool message
BIP 35, mempool message. Make a network node's transaction memory pool accessible via a new "mempool" message.
BIP 37 · 2012 · Design paper
Connection Bloom filtering
BIP 37, Connection Bloom filtering. New support to the peer-to-peer protocol that allows peers to reduce the amount of transaction data they are sent.
BIP 67 · 2015 · Design paper
Deterministic Pay-to-script-hash multi-signature addresses through public key sorting
BIP 67, Deterministic Pay-to-script-hash multi-signature addresses through public key sorting. A method to deterministically generate multi-signature pay-to-script-hash transaction scripts.
BIP 87 · 2020 · Design paper
Hierarchy for Deterministic Multisig Wallets
BIP 87, Hierarchy for Deterministic Multisig Wallets. A sane hierarchy for deterministic multisig wallets based on an algorithm described in BIP-0032 (BIP32 from now on), purpose scheme described in BIP-0043 (BIP43 from now on), and multi-account hierarchy described in BIP-0044 (BIP44 from now on).
BIP 90 · 2016 · Design paper
Buried Deployments
BIP 90, Buried Deployments. Prior soft forks (BIP 34, BIP 65, and BIP 66) were activated via miner signaling in block version numbers.
BIP 125 · 2015 · Design paper
Opt-in Full Replace-by-Fee Signaling
BIP 125, Opt-in Full Replace-by-Fee Signaling. Many nodes today will not replace any transaction in their mempool with another transaction that spends the same inputs, making it difficult for spenders to adjust their previously-sent transactions to deal with unexpected confirmation delays or to perform other useful replacements.
BIP 144 · 2016 · Design paper
Segregated Witness (Peer Services)
BIP 144, Segregated Witness (Peer Services). New messages and serialization formats for propagation of transactions and blocks committing to segregated witness structures.
BIP 157 · 2017 · Design paper
Client Side Block Filtering
BIP 157, Client Side Block Filtering. A new light client protocol in Bitcoin that improves upon currently available options.
BIP 352 · 2023 · Design paper
Silent Payments
BIP 352, Silent Payments. We use the following functions and conventions: ''outpoint'' (36 bytes): the COutPoint of an input (32-byte txid, least significant byte first || 4-byte vout, least significant byte first) '''Why are outpoints little-endian?''' Despite using big endian throughout the rest of the BIP, outpoints are sorted and hashed matching their transaction serialization, which is little-endian.
BIP 388 · 2023 · Design paper
Wallet Policies for Descriptor Wallets
BIP 388, Wallet Policies for Descriptor Wallets. Software wallets and hardware signing devices typically partition funds into separate "accounts".
EIP 140 · 2017 · Design paper
REVERT instruction
EIP 140, REVERT instruction. The REVERT instruction provides a way to stop execution and revert state changes, without consuming all provided gas and with the ability to return a reason.
EIP 141 · 2017 · Design paper
Designated invalid EVM instruction
EIP 141, Designated invalid EVM instruction. An instruction is designated to remain as an invalid instruction.
EIP 145 · 2017 · Design paper
Bitwise shifting instructions in EVM
EIP 145, Bitwise shifting instructions in EVM. Native bitwise shifting instructions are introduced, which are more efficient processing wise on the host and are cheaper to use by a contract.
EIP 196 · 2017 · Design paper
Precompiled contracts for addition and scalar multiplication on the elliptic curve alt_bn128
EIP 196, Precompiled contracts for addition and scalar multiplication on the elliptic curve alt_bn128. Precompiled contracts for elliptic curve operations are required in order to perform zkSNARK verification within the block gas limit.
EIP 197 · 2017 · Design paper
Precompiled contracts for optimal ate pairing check on the elliptic curve alt_bn128
EIP 197, Precompiled contracts for optimal ate pairing check on the elliptic curve alt_bn128. Precompiled contracts for elliptic curve pairing operations are required in order to perform zkSNARK verification within the block gas limit.
EIP 211 · 2017 · Design paper
New opcodes: RETURNDATASIZE and RETURNDATACOPY
EIP 211, New opcodes: RETURNDATASIZE and RETURNDATACOPY. A mechanism to allow returning arbitrary-length data inside the EVM has been requested for quite a while now.
EIP 214 · 2017 · Design paper
New opcode STATICCALL
EIP 214, New opcode STATICCALL. To increase smart contract security, this proposal adds a new opcode that can be used to call another contract (or itself) while disallowing any modifications to the state during the call (and its subcalls, if present).
EIP 658 · 2017 · Design paper
Embedding transaction status code in receipts
EIP 658, Embedding transaction status code in receipts. This EIP replaces the intermediate state root field of the receipt with a status code indicating if the top-level call succeeded or failed.
EIP 684 · 2023 · Design paper
Revert creation in case of collision
EIP 684, Revert creation in case of collision. This EIP causes contract creation to throw an error when attempted at an address with pre-existing code.
EIP 712 · 2017 · Design paper
Typed structured data hashing and signing
EIP 712, Typed structured data hashing and signing. This is a standard for hashing and signing of typed structured data as opposed to just bytestrings.
EIP 1052 · 2018 · Design paper
EXTCODEHASH opcode
EIP 1052, EXTCODEHASH opcode. A new opcode, which returns the keccak256 hash of a contract's code.
EIP 1108 · 2018 · Design paper
Reduce alt_bn128 precompile gas costs
EIP 1108, Reduce alt_bn128 precompile gas costs. The elliptic curve arithmetic precompiles are currently overpriced.
EIP 1153 · 2018 · Design paper
Transient storage opcodes
EIP 1153, Transient storage opcodes. This proposal introduces transient storage opcodes, which manipulate state that behaves identically to storage, except that transient storage is discarded after every transaction, and TSTORE is not subject to the gas stipend check as defined in EIP-2200.
EIP 1283 · 2018 · Design paper
Net gas metering for SSTORE without dirty maps
EIP 1283, Net gas metering for SSTORE without dirty maps. Net gas metering changes for SSTORE opcode, enabling new usages for contract storage, and reducing excessive gas costs where it doesn't match how most implementations work.
EIP 1344 · 2018 · Design paper
ChainID opcode
EIP 1344, ChainID opcode. An opcode that returns the current chain's EIP-155 unique identifier.
EIP 1884 · 2019 · Design paper
Repricing for trie-size-dependent opcodes
EIP 1884, Repricing for trie-size-dependent opcodes. Repricing certain opcodes, to obtain a good balance between gas expenditure and resource consumption.
EIP 2028 · 2019 · Design paper
Transaction data gas cost reduction
EIP 2028, Transaction data gas cost reduction. We propose to reduce the gas cost of Calldata (GTXDATANONZERO) from its current value of 68 gas per byte to 16 gas per byte, to be backed by mathematical modeling and empirical estimates.
EIP 2200 · 2019 · Design paper
Structured Definitions for Net Gas Metering
EIP 2200, Structured Definitions for Net Gas Metering. It's a combined version of [EIP-1283] and [EIP-1706], with a structured definition so as to make it interoperable with other gas changes such as [EIP-1884].
EIP 2364 · 2019 · Design paper
eth/64: forkid-extended protocol handshake
EIP 2364, eth/64: forkid-extended protocol handshake. The inclusion of the forkid, originally defined in (EIP-2124), as a new field in the Ethereum wire protocol (eth) handshake.
EIP 2537 · 2020 · Design paper
Precompile for BLS12-381 curve operations
EIP 2537, Precompile for BLS12-381 curve operations. Add functionality to efficiently perform operations over the BLS12-381 curve, including those for BLS signature verification.
EIP 2565 · 2020 · Design paper
ModExp Gas Cost
EIP 2565, ModExp Gas Cost. Defines the gas cost of the ModExp (0x00..05) precompile.
EIP 2929 · 2020 · Design paper
Gas cost increases for state access opcodes
EIP 2929, Gas cost increases for state access opcodes. Increases gas cost for SLOAD, CALL, BALANCE, EXT and SELFDESTRUCT when used for the first time in a transaction.
EIP 2930 · 2020 · Design paper
Optional access lists
EIP 2930, Optional access lists. Adds a transaction type which contains an access list, a list of addresses and storage keys that the transaction plans to access.
EIP 2935 · 2020 · Design paper
Serve historical block hashes from state
EIP 2935, Serve historical block hashes from state. Store last HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW historical block hashes in the storage of a system contract as part of the block processing logic.
EIP 3198 · 2021 · Design paper
BASEFEE opcode
EIP 3198, BASEFEE opcode. Adds an opcode that gives the EVM access to the block's base fee.
EIP 3529 · 2021 · Design paper
Reduction in refunds
EIP 3529, Reduction in refunds. Remove gas refunds for SELFDESTRUCT, and reduce gas refunds for SSTORE to a lower level where the refunds are still substantial, but they are no longer high enough for current "exploits" of the refund mechanism to be viable.
EIP 3541 · 2021 · Design paper
Reject new contract code starting with the 0xEF byte
EIP 3541, Reject new contract code starting with the 0xEF byte. Disallow new code starting with the 0xEF byte to be deployed.
EIP 3607 · 2021 · Design paper
Reject transactions from senders with deployed code
EIP 3607, Reject transactions from senders with deployed code. Ethereum addresses are currently only 160 bits long.
EIP 3651 · 2021 · Design paper
Warm COINBASE
EIP 3651, Warm COINBASE. The COINBASE address shall be warm at the start of transaction execution, in accordance with the actual cost of reading that account.
EIP 3860 · 2021 · Design paper
Limit and meter initcode
EIP 3860, Limit and meter initcode. We extend EIP-170 by introducing a maximum size limit for initcode (MAX_INITCODE_SIZE = 2 MAX_CODE_SIZE = 49152).
EIP 4399 · 2021 · Design paper
Supplant DIFFICULTY opcode with PREVRANDAO
EIP 4399, Supplant DIFFICULTY opcode with PREVRANDAO. This EIP supplants the semantics of the return value of existing DIFFICULTY (0x44) opcode and renames the opcode to PREVRANDAO (0x44).
EIP 4895 · 2022 · Design paper
Beacon chain push withdrawals as operations
EIP 4895, Beacon chain push withdrawals as operations. Introduce a system-level "operation" to support validator withdrawals that are "pushed" from the beacon chain to the EVM.
EIP 5656 · 2021 · Design paper
MCOPY - Memory copying instruction
EIP 5656, MCOPY - Memory copying instruction. Provide an efficient EVM instruction for copying memory areas.
EIP 5749 · 2022 · Design paper
The 'window.evmproviders' object
EIP 5749, The 'window.evmproviders' object. A Javascript Ethereum Provider interface injection that will allow for the interoperability of multiple browser wallets at the same time.
EIP 5793 · 2022 · Design paper
eth/68 - Add tx type to tx announcement
EIP 5793, eth/68 - Add tx type to tx announcement. The Ethereum Wire Protocol defines request and response messages for exchanging data between clients.
EIP 6780 · 2023 · Design paper
SELFDESTRUCT only in same transaction
EIP 6780, SELFDESTRUCT only in same transaction. This EIP changes the functionality of the SELFDESTRUCT opcode.
EIP 7251 · 2023 · Design paper
Increase the MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE
EIP 7251, Increase the MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE. Increases the constant MAX_EFFECTIVE_BALANCE, while keeping the minimum staking balance 32 ETH.
EIP 7516 · 2023 · Design paper
BLOBBASEFEE instruction
EIP 7516, BLOBBASEFEE instruction. Add a BLOBBASEFEE (0x4a) instruction that returns the value of the blob base-fee of the current block it is executing in.
EIP 7594 · 2024 · Design paper
PeerDAS - Peer Data Availability Sampling
EIP 7594, PeerDAS - Peer Data Availability Sampling. PeerDAS (Peer Data Availability Sampling) is a networking protocol that allows nodes to perform data availability sampling (DAS) to ensure that blob data has been made available while downloading only a subset of the data.
EIP 7623 · 2024 · Design paper
Increase calldata cost
EIP 7623, Increase calldata cost. The current calldata pricing permits EL payloads of up to 7.15 MB, while the average size is much smaller at around 100 KB.
EIP 7691 · 2024 · Design paper
Blob throughput increase
EIP 7691, Blob throughput increase. Increases the number of blobs in a block to provide more scale to Ethereum via L2 solution that rely on L1 data capacity.
EIP 7823 · 2024 · Design paper
Set upper bounds for MODEXP
EIP 7823, Set upper bounds for MODEXP. Introduce an upper bound on the inputs of the MODEXP precompile.
EIP 7825 · 2024 · Design paper
Transaction Gas Limit Cap
EIP 7825, Transaction Gas Limit Cap. This proposal introduces a protocol-level cap on the maximum gas usage per transaction to 16,777,216 (2^24) gas.
EIP 7840 · 2024 · Design paper
Add blob schedule to EL config files
EIP 7840, Add blob schedule to EL config files. Add a new object to client configuration files blobSchedule which lists the target blob count per block and max blob count per block for each fork.
EIP 7883 · 2025 · Design paper
ModExp Gas Cost Increase
EIP 7883, ModExp Gas Cost Increase. This EIP is modifying the ModExp precompile pricing algorithm introduced in EIP-2565.
EIP 7892 · 2025 · Design paper
Blob Parameter Only Hardforks
EIP 7892, Blob Parameter Only Hardforks. Blob Parameter Only (BPO) Hardforks, a lightweight mechanism for incrementally scaling Ethereum’s blob capacity through targeted hard forks that modify only blob-related parameters: target, max, and baseFeeUpdateFraction.
EIP 7918 · 2025 · Design paper
Blob base fee bounded by execution cost
EIP 7918, Blob base fee bounded by execution cost. This EIP assigns a reserve price BLOB_BASE_COST base_fee_per_gas to blobs by introducing an if-clause in calc_excess_blob_gas().
EIP 7939 · 2025 · Design paper
Count leading zeros (CLZ) opcode
EIP 7939, Count leading zeros (CLZ) opcode. Introduce a new opcode, CLZ(x), which pops x from the stack and pushes the number of leading zero bits in x to the stack.
EIP 7951 · 2025 · Design paper
Precompile for secp256r1 Curve Support
EIP 7951, Precompile for secp256r1 Curve Support. Add functionality to efficiently perform ECDSA signature verification over the secp256r1 elliptic curve (also known as P-256 or prime256v1).
ERC 223 · 2017 · Design paper
Token with transaction handling model
ERC 223, Token with transaction handling model. The following describes an interface and logic for fungible tokens that supports a tokenReceived callback to notify contract recipients when tokens are received.
ERC 1167 · 2018 · Design paper
Minimal Proxy Contract
ERC 1167, Minimal Proxy Contract. To simply and cheaply clone contract functionality in an immutable way, this standard specifies a minimal bytecode implementation that delegates all calls to a known, fixed address.
ERC 1967 · 2019 · Design paper
Proxy Storage Slots
ERC 1967, Proxy Storage Slots. Delegating proxy contracts are widely used for both upgradeability and gas savings.
ERC 2098 · 2019 · Design paper
Compact Signature Representation
ERC 2098, Compact Signature Representation. The secp256k1 curve permits the computation of the public key of signed digest when coupled with a signature, which is used implicitly to establish the origin of a transaction from an Externally Owned Account as well as on-chain in EVM contracts for example, in meta-transactions and multi-sig contracts.
ERC 2612 · 2020 · Design paper
Permit Extension for EIP-20 Signed Approvals
ERC 2612, Permit Extension for EIP-20 Signed Approvals. Arguably one of the main reasons for the success of EIP-20 tokens lies in the interplay between approve and transferFrom, which allows for tokens to not only be transferred between externally owned accounts (EOA), but to be used in other contracts under application specific conditions by abstracting away msg.sender as the defining mechanism for token access control.
ERC 2771 · 2020 · Design paper
Secure Protocol for Native Meta Transactions
ERC 2771, Secure Protocol for Native Meta Transactions. A contract-level protocol for Recipient contracts to accept meta-transactions through trusted Forwarder contracts.
ERC 3475 · 2021 · Design paper
Abstract Storage Bonds
ERC 3475, Abstract Storage Bonds. The creation of tokenized obligations with abstract on-chain metadata storage.
ERC 4804 · 2022 · Design paper
Web3 URL to EVM Call Message Translation
ERC 4804, Web3 URL to EVM Call Message Translation. This standard translates an RFC 2396 URI like web3://uniswap.eth/ to an EVM message such as: EVMMessage { To: 0xaabbccddee....
ERC 4834 · 2022 · Design paper
Hierarchical Domains
ERC 4834, Hierarchical Domains. This is a standard for generic name resolution with arbitrarily complex access control and resolution.
ERC 5202 · 2022 · Design paper
Blueprint contract format
ERC 5202, Blueprint contract format. Define a standard for "blueprint" contracts, or contracts which represent initcode that is stored on-chain.
ERC 5564 · 2022 · Design paper
Stealth Addresses
ERC 5564, Stealth Addresses. This specification establishes a standardized method for interacting with stealth addresses, which allow senders of transactions or transfers to non-interactively generate private accounts exclusively accessible by their recipients.
ERC 7053 · 2023 · Design paper
Interoperable Digital Media Indexing
ERC 7053, Interoperable Digital Media Indexing. An interoperable indexing strategy designed to enhance the organization and retrieval of digital media information across multiple smart contracts and EVM-compatible blockchains.
ERC 7588 · 2024 · Design paper
Blob Transactions Metadata JSON Schema
ERC 7588, Blob Transactions Metadata JSON Schema. A standard for attaching metadata to blobs carried by blob transactions, as outlined in EIP-4844.
ERC 7857 · 2025 · Design paper
AI Agents NFT with Private Metadata
ERC 7857, AI Agents NFT with Private Metadata. A standard interface for NFTs specifically designed for AI agents, where the metadata represents agent capabilities and requires privacy protection.
ERC 7908 · 2025 · Design paper
HD wallet In Treasury Management
ERC 7908, HD wallet In Treasury Management. This proposal aims to provide a standardized method for on-chain treasury management of institutional assets, ensuring secure private key generation, hierarchical management, and departmental permission isolation while supporting asset security and transaction efficiency in multi-chain environments.
BIP 46 · 2022 · Design paper
Address Scheme for Timelocked Fidelity Bonds
BIP 46, Address Scheme for Timelocked Fidelity Bonds. The derivation scheme for HD wallets which create timelocked addresses used for creating fidelity bonds.
BIP 374 · 2024 · Design paper
Discrete Log Equality Proofs
BIP 374, Discrete Log Equality Proofs. All conventions and notations are used as defined in [https://github.com/bitcoin/bips/blob/master/bip-0327.mediawiki#notation BIP327].
BIP 431 · 2024 · Design paper
Topology Restrictions for Pinning
BIP 431, Topology Restrictions for Pinning. This document describes pinning problems that can arise from limitations in mempool policy.
BIP 433 · 2025 · Design paper
Pay to Anchor (P2A)
BIP 433, Pay to Anchor (P2A). This document describes a new standard output script called Pay to Anchor (P2A) and prescribes making spending of this output type standard.
BIP 450 · 2026 · Design paper
Formosa—Seed encoding by themed mnemonic stories
BIP 450, Formosa—Seed encoding by themed mnemonic stories. Formosa, an expansion of BIP-0039 for the generation of deterministic wallets.
EIP 3155 · 2020 · Design paper
EVM trace specification
EIP 3155, EVM trace specification. Introduce a new JSON standard for EVM traces during execution of state tests.
EIP 7523 · 2023 · Design paper
Empty accounts deprecation
EIP 7523, Empty accounts deprecation. This EIP prohibits the state of any post-merge network from containing empty accounts.
EIP 7610 · 2024 · Design paper
Revert creation in case of non-empty storage
EIP 7610, Revert creation in case of non-empty storage. This EIP causes contract creation to throw an error when attempted at an address with pre-existing storage.
EIP 7708 · 2024 · Design paper
ETH transfers emit a log
EIP 7708, ETH transfers emit a log. Logs are often used to track when balance changes of assets on Ethereum.
EIP 7732 · 2024 · Design paper
Enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation
EIP 7732, Enshrined Proposer-Builder Separation. This EIP fundamentally changes the way an Ethereum block is validated by decoupling the execution validation from the consensus validation both logically as well as temporally.
EIP 7778 · 2024 · Design paper
Block Gas Accounting without Refunds
EIP 7778, Block Gas Accounting without Refunds. This EIP modifies the block gas accounting mechanism to prevent the circumvention of block gas limits.
EIP 7784 · 2024 · Design paper
GETCONTRACT opcode
EIP 7784, GETCONTRACT opcode. This is a proposal to add a new opcode, GETCONTRACT.
EIP 7843 · 2024 · Design paper
SLOTNUM opcode
EIP 7843, SLOTNUM opcode. To add a new opcode SLOTNUM (0x4b), that returns the corresponding slot number for the current block.
EIP 7880 · 2025 · Design paper
EOF - EXTCODEADDRESS instruction
EIP 7880, EOF - EXTCODEADDRESS instruction. Add an instruction to EOF that reads code delegation designations from an account without requiring code introspection.
EIP 7904 · 2025 · Design paper
Compute Gas Cost Analysis
EIP 7904, Compute Gas Cost Analysis. This document reports an empirical analysis of the runtime of EVM compute operations and precompiles across the major execution clients.
EIP 7928 · 2025 · Design paper
Block-Level Access Lists
EIP 7928, Block-Level Access Lists. Block-Level Access Lists (BALs) that record all accounts and storage locations accessed during block execution, along with their post-execution values.
EIP 7976 · 2025 · Design paper
Increase Calldata Floor Cost
EIP 7976, Increase Calldata Floor Cost. An adjustment to calldata pricing by raising the floor cost from 10/40 to 64/64 gas per calldata byte.
EIP 7981 · 2024 · Design paper
Increase Access List Cost
EIP 7981, Increase Access List Cost. This EIP charges access lists for their data footprint, preventing the circumvention of the EIP-7623 floor pricing.
EIP 7997 · 2025 · Design paper
Deterministic Factory Contract
EIP 7997, Deterministic Factory Contract. The availability of a well-known CREATE2 factory at 0x4e59b44847b379578588920cA78FbF26c0B4956C is made a formal requirement to enable deterministic deployments at identical addresses across EVM chains.
EIP 8024 · 2025 · Design paper
Backward compatible SWAPN, DUPN, EXCHANGE
EIP 8024, Backward compatible SWAPN, DUPN, EXCHANGE. Currently, SWAP and DUP instructions are limited to a stack depth of 16.
EIP 8037 · 2025 · Design paper
State Creation Gas Cost Increase
EIP 8037, State Creation Gas Cost Increase. This proposal increases the cost of state creation operations, thus avoiding excessive state growth under increased block gas limits.
EIP 8038 · 2025 · Design paper
State-access gas cost update
EIP 8038, State-access gas cost update. This EIP updates the gas cost of state-access operations to reflect Ethereum's larger state and the consequent slowdown of these operations.
EIP 8070 · 2025 · Design paper
eth/72 - Sparse Blobpool
EIP 8070, eth/72 - Sparse Blobpool. This proposal introduces the sparse blobpool, a construction that brings cell-level, custody-aligned sampling in the Execution Layer (EL).
EIP 8133 · 2026 · Design paper
Network Upgrade Naming
EIP 8133, Network Upgrade Naming. This EIP documents the naming conventions used for Ethereum network upgrades across the Execution Layer, Consensus Layer, post-Merge combined upgrades, and Blob-Parameter-Only upgrades.
EIP 8136 · 2025 · Design paper
Cell-Level Deltas for Data Column Broadcast
EIP 8136, Cell-Level Deltas for Data Column Broadcast. Cell-Level Deltas for Data Column Broadcast optimizes PeerDAS (EIP-7594) by allowing more efficient transfers of blob data columns across the network.
EIP 8163 · 2026 · Design paper
Reserve `EXTENSION (0xae)` opcode
EIP 8163, Reserve `EXTENSION (0xae)` opcode. Reserve an opcode EXTENSION (0xae) which will be guaranteed to not become a valid opcode on Ethereum L1 EVM, but which will be available to be used in other EVMs as a prefix to encode extension instructions.
EIP 8182 · 2026 · Design paper
Private ETH and ERC-20 Transfers
EIP 8182, Private ETH and ERC-20 Transfers. Private ETH and ERC-20 transfers via a shielded-pool system contract.
EIP 8246 · 2026 · Design paper
Remove SELFDESTRUCT Burn
EIP 8246, Remove SELFDESTRUCT Burn. This EIP removes the remaining cases where SELFDESTRUCT burns ETH.