Research corpus Data and agentsBLC-STUDY-0089

Account Abstraction Using Alt Mempool

Smart-contract accounts that propose UserOperations, bundled by a separate mempool, without a change to Ethereum's consensus. Paymasters can sponsor gas. The validation rule lives in the account, which is the point and the risk.

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Authors: Vitalik Buterin, Yoav Weiss, Dror Tirosh, Shahaf Nacson, Alex Forshtat, Kristof Gazso and Tjaden Hess
Date: 2021
Publisher: Vitalik Buterin, Yoav Weiss, Dror Tirosh, Shahaf Nacson, Alex Forshtat, Kristof Gazso and Tjaden Hess
Version: Source cited by the 2021 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.
Document ID: BLC-STUDY-0089
DOI: None recorded
Last reviewed: 1 October 2026
Licence: No licence recorded. Rights status under review.

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Where to read

Official source — EIP-4337
Blockchain Lab study, the canonical readingOriginal commentary. Not a transcription of the paper.

Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.

Full text

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What changed

The study separates the text from later network behaviour. This bibliographic page does not repeat that essay.

Relationships

Canonical readingERC-4337 study
Related paperFlash Boys 2.0
Related paperUniswap v4
Related paperChainlink

Cite this record

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Author–date

Buterin, V., Weiss, Y., Tirosh, D., Nacson, S., Forshtat, A., Gazso, K., & Hess, T. (2021). Account Abstraction Using Alt Mempool. Vitalik Buterin, Yoav Weiss, Dror Tirosh, Shahaf Nacson, Alex Forshtat, Kristof Gazso and Tjaden Hess. https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337

BibTeX

@techreport{eip43372021,
  title = {Account Abstraction Using Alt Mempool},
  author = {Vitalik Buterin, Yoav Weiss, Dror Tirosh, Shahaf Nacson, Alex Forshtat, Kristof Gazso and Tjaden Hess},
  year = {2021},
  institution = {Vitalik Buterin, Yoav Weiss, Dror Tirosh, Shahaf Nacson, Alex Forshtat, Kristof Gazso and Tjaden Hess},
  url = {https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337},
  note = {Rights status: Official external source only. Blockchain Lab record: https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/eip-4337}
}

RIS

TY  - RPRT
TI  - Account Abstraction Using Alt Mempool
AU  - Vitalik Buterin
AU  - Yoav Weiss
AU  - Dror Tirosh
AU  - Shahaf Nacson
AU  - Alex Forshtat
AU  - Kristof Gazso
AU  - Tjaden Hess
PY  - 2021
PB  - Vitalik Buterin, Yoav Weiss, Dror Tirosh, Shahaf Nacson, Alex Forshtat, Kristof Gazso and Tjaden Hess
UR  - https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337
N1  - Rights status: Official external source only
ER  -

CSL-JSON

[
  {
    "type": "report",
    "id": "BLC-STUDY-0089",
    "title": "Account Abstraction Using Alt Mempool",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Vitalik Buterin"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Yoav Weiss"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Dror Tirosh"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Shahaf Nacson"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Alex Forshtat"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Kristof Gazso"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Tjaden Hess"
      }
    ],
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2021
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "Vitalik Buterin, Yoav Weiss, Dror Tirosh, Shahaf Nacson, Alex Forshtat, Kristof Gazso and Tjaden Hess",
    "URL": "https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-4337",
    "note": "Rights status: Official external source only. Not a licence to republish the paper."
  }
]

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Rights record

Source status: Official source
Use status: Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.
Rights: Official external source only
Training and retrieval: Not permitted from this site. There is no rights-cleared full text to retrieve or to train on.

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