Research corpus ConsensusBLC-STUDY-0093

FruitChains: A Fair Blockchain

Nakamoto consensus can pay a minority coalition more than its share of hash power, which is the selfish-mining observation. FruitChains records transactions in 'fruit' that hang off the chain, and pays out over a window so honest hash power gets roughly honest rewards.

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Record

Authors: Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi
Date: 2016
Publisher: Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi
Version: Source cited by the 2016 study. The study is the reading. This page does not add a second essay.
Document ID: BLC-STUDY-0093
DOI: None recorded
Last reviewed: 1 October 2026
Licence: No licence recorded. Rights status under review.

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Where to read

Official source — ePrint 2016/916
Blockchain Lab study, the canonical readingOriginal commentary. Not a transcription of the paper.

Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.

Full text

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What changed

The study separates the text from later network behaviour. This bibliographic page does not repeat that essay.

Relationships

Canonical readingFruitChains study
Related paperPrism
Related paperBitcoin-NG
Related paperGHOST

Cite this record

These citations point at the source document. They are not a licence to copy it.

Author–date

Pass, R., & Shi, E. (2016). FruitChains: A Fair Blockchain. Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi. https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/916

BibTeX

@techreport{fruitchains2016,
  title = {FruitChains: A Fair Blockchain},
  author = {Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi},
  year = {2016},
  institution = {Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi},
  url = {https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/916},
  note = {Rights status: Official external source only. Blockchain Lab record: https://blockchainlab.com/research/corpus/papers/fruitchains}
}

RIS

TY  - RPRT
TI  - FruitChains: A Fair Blockchain
AU  - Rafael Pass
AU  - Elaine Shi
PY  - 2016
PB  - Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi
UR  - https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/916
N1  - Rights status: Official external source only
ER  -

CSL-JSON

[
  {
    "type": "report",
    "id": "BLC-STUDY-0093",
    "title": "FruitChains: A Fair Blockchain",
    "author": [
      {
        "literal": "Rafael Pass"
      },
      {
        "literal": "Elaine Shi"
      }
    ],
    "issued": {
      "date-parts": [
        [
          2016
        ]
      ]
    },
    "publisher": "Rafael Pass and Elaine Shi",
    "URL": "https://eprint.iacr.org/2016/916",
    "note": "Rights status: Official external source only. Not a licence to republish the paper."
  }
]

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Rights record

Source status: Official source
Use status: Metadata and commentary only. The reading is the study page.
Rights: Official external source only
Training and retrieval: Not permitted from this site. There is no rights-cleared full text to retrieve or to train on.

Rights and licensing Corrections